Published first on Allafrica.com: https://allafrica.com/stories/202010141124.html
Africa's Worries & Risks: Implications for US-Africa Policy & Development
By
Dr. Robin Renee Sanders
The world renown Gallup
Poll
in partnership with Lloyd’s
Register Foundation released their new Worry, Experience
Harm/Risk & Government
Safety Performance Index (GSPI) indices as part of their World
Risk Poll, which covers some 142 countries, of which 39
were African nations. The polling done in local languages with males and
females participants aged 15 years and above, highlights the worries, harm
or risks of those who were surveyed. The World Risk Poll (and its three
indices)– is set to repeat four times over the next six years – with compiling
for the 2021 questionnaire already under way. It is likely that the
next installation of the poll (and its three indices) will show even starker
reactions on these overarching themes of worry, harm or risk as a result
of the world having been under a full year by then, and likely more, of
COVID-19.
Some of the specific themes included in the three indices
of Worry, Experience
Harm/Risk & GSPI, focused on a range of climate
change issues from severe weather to food security and, food and water safety;
violence, crime, and conflict; safety and harassment in the workplace (particularly
against women); infrastructural challenges, online threats; the role and impact
of future technologies uses (e.g. artificial intelligence, etc.) on their lives;
and, whether or not people trust their government.
Why the Indices are Important & What They Say:
Many of the above themes are important for review by
national governments, foreign policy makers, national security leaders,
development donors, and are, in some ways, key elements within the United Nation’s (UN)
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Thus
the Worry, Experience
Harm/Risk & GSPI indices are important tools for those working
in these areas, because so much attention, focus and money over the last two
decades have gone toward and continues to go toward (as it should), tackling global poverty and conflict as well
as seeking to make people feel safe. This includes improving quality of life,
encouraging democracy and human rights; and, providing assistance to climate
sensitive environments (although the U.S. certainly has not done its part on
climate change in the last 18 months or more).
Thus, the responses in these three indices demonstrate that despite a lot of work and
commitment on many of these goals, people are not necessarily feeling safe from
harm or risks, and that “moving the needle,” could be even more
challenging than previously anticipated, requiring more adjustments in
strategic planning, policy, and resources than foreseen. This is especially
daunting for regions like Africa, Latin America, and Southeast Asia. We already know that according to the World
Bank’s October 8, 2020 Report that
COVID-19 alone will push another 40-50 million people around the world into
poverty on top of the 2019 prior pandemic figure
of 736
million. COVID erases nearly five years of development work, and pretty much wipes out a lot of the progress made under the UN SDGs, with SSAfrica and
Asia being the hardest hit, followed closely by countries like Brazil.
Understandably worry and experiencing harm or risk, and
their attendant issues of fear and uncertainty, are tough things to measure,
but these new indices do a very good job of putting the data into a global perspective.
Further, it is clear that many of the responses by those living in SSAfrica
were connected to climate change issues; internal social sector uncertainties in
their own countries; conflict and infrastructural issues; and, negative reactions
connected to online bullying, fraud, validity of information (fake news) and related
cybercrimes. It was good to see that the economic impact and development benefits
of new technologies usage, such as artificial intelligence, over the long term,
had fairly positive responses.
What the Indices Mean as a US-Africa Foreign
Policy Tool:
Thus, the biggest take away from the data for the 39 African
countries covered in the Worry, Experience
Harm/Risk & GSPI
indices clearly
show that for those of us focused on SSAfrica foreign policy,
national security and development issues it will be critical to pay more attention to these intangibles
– worry, harm/risk and fear – in order to achieve more success on the
substantive side of our work. These data points should all be considered elements
of development, security, and economic growth. Granted, it will be a
bit of a challenge to find ways to restructure, regroup, and reframe some
aspects of our foreign policy and development efforts in the region in order to
factor in these intangibles. However, the results in these indices, demonstrate
that this is a must-do, especially since most SSAfrica respondents said they
felt “about the same,” now as they did five years ago regarding their safety –
meaning their sense of “feeling safe or safer” had not improved in five years. This underscores that whatever improvements in
development or quality of life one might have had over the last 5 years, did
not translated into people believing or feeling that they were still not in
harm’s way.
We can surely see in today’s Africa that worry, harm/risk and
fear, as regards to climate change, are being driven by things like devastating
weather-related disasters and further desertification, increasing the number of
climate refugees or internally displaced persons (IDPs). While others are
connected to internal conflicts causing rollbacks on democracy (e.g. Mali, Tanzania); or,
upticks in destabilizing activity (i.e. Mozambique’s northern eastern provinces
of Zambezia, Nampula
and Cabo Delgado have
become an extremist hotbed in the last three years. NB: Speaking from
experience, the U.S. needs to pay much more attention to this area through a robust
Africa
Command, and one that stays reasonable close to the SSAfrica
region so it can remain fully engaged to avoid a larger Boko-Haram like conflict
playing out there).
Of course, a lot has been done by donors, governments, the
private sector and philanthropists. No one is discounting this. But we also
know that more always needs to be done. But clearly these indices demonstrate that
there are additional important gaps we need to take into account.
Over the years we have all seen the increase in well-being
surveys from organizations and institutions from around the world, which pull
together a basket of key sectors on which to determine how people are doing.
But what is different with these new indices is they reflect “how people are
feeling.” Many people in Africa, as well
as all over the globe, are feeling worried as they feel unsafe, and fear harm
or risk to themselves or someone they know -- a reflection of the uncertainty
felt in the world in general way before COVID-19.
Closer Look at Some of SSAfrica Results – Worry,
Harm/Risk & GSPI:
A few highlights, summary points and analyses from the
three indices follow below regarding responses by SSAfrica participants in the
Gallup-Lloyd’s Register Foundation Worry, Experience Harm/Risk & GSPI indices:
I. Respondents in Benin, Botswana, Cameroon,
Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique,
South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe rated high on the “Worry
and Experience Harm/Risk” indices, driven by concerns centered on “high levels
of everyday risks,” associate with severe weather, unsafe food and water, crime
or harm by household appliances or powerlines.
a.) Although the percentages for the above countries were the highest among the SSAfrica countries surveyed, percentage breakdowns across the board for women in the region in these categories were always greater.
b.) South Africa rated the highest on these indices in this category, with 58% of its people being worried or experiencing harm/risk to themselves or someone they know on par with Brazil and Venezuela, which also rated 58%. Nigeria, on the other hand, had a lower percentage than the world median (39% to 43%) on the “Worry and Experience Harm/Risk” indices, although with the recent youth-driven protests against the country's Security Anti-Robbery Squad (see #EndSARS) this rating will likely change during the next polling.
II. Respondents in the majority of SSAfrica such as Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Mozambique, South Africa and Tanzania and most other nations said they “felt about as safe as they did five years ago,” so no improvement in their safety fears over the last five years. While people in Rwanda (67%), Ethiopia (55%), Nigeria (43%), Ghana (41%), and Uganda (41%) said they “felt safer than they did five years ago,” – meaning all these countries beat the world median (36%).
a.) Botswana broke nearly even between those that feel safer (35%) and those who feel the same as they did five years ago (36%) about their safety or the safety of their loved ones.
b.) Given the recent political tensions, conflicts and elections issues in Ethiopia, however, FEEEDS’ expectation is that Ethiopia’s results in this category will likely drop from this high of 55%, to something lower, in the next survey. Off-and-on demonstrations in the capital, Addis Ababa; tensions in the Oromo area; and, the October 7, 2020, cutting of political ties between the federal upper house of parliament and the state assembly of the key regional administrative area of Tigray over its unsanctioned September 9, 2020, elections will likely lead to a drop.
III. Respondents in the Ivory Coast, Kenya, Malawi, South Africa, Uganda, Swaziland (now called eSwantini), and Zambia had higher concerns than other SSAfrica countries with people feeling “harassed or experiencing violence in the workplace.” Malawi and Zambia rated highest within this group at 47 % and 46% respectively. Even though these countries had the highest levels in the region in this category, these challenges were still prevalent in many of the SSAfrica nations surveyed.
IV. Looking at the GSPI index, globally, governments in 25% of the 142 countries surveyed were not trusted to provide safe food, water and power. In SSAfrica, the top countries where respondents said they experienced harm from food were Liberia (52%), Cameroon and Mali (42%), Malawi and Guinea (41%), while on harm from water Cameroon (47%), followed by Zambia (45%), Ethiopia, Nigeria, and Zimbabwe (44%) were among the highest.
a.) Ethiopia also had the highest negative rating at 60% on whether it is “doing a good job on providing safe powerlines,” followed by Liberia and Nigeria at 49%, whereas the world median was 23% (NB: the recent gas and power-related explosions in Nigeria in March, September & October 2020, and January, July & December 2019). The other country that didn’t fare well was Zambia at 47%, while Rwanda came in best in the region and the world at 13%, given that this was well below the world median of 23%.
V. Looking regionally at the data, countries in Southern Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean have some of the world’s highest levels of economic inequality. This can add to worry since most people do not have the resources to change where and how they live. It has been widely reported by the World Bank and IMF for almost a decade now, and FEEEDS has highlighted this often, that South Africa, not just in the region but in the world, has one of the highest levels of both income inequality and income distribution. Today this is further exacerbated by a 23% unemployment rate as of third quarter 2020 (mostly as a result of closing businesses), down from 30% in first quarter 2020, when COVID hit the country.
Click here to see links
to the resources and data used for this article on the Gallup-Lloyd’s Register Foundation Worry, Experience Harm/Risk & GSPI indices and the implications for SSAfrica, with related issues.
Article also reposted on: Council on Foreign Relations: & The American College of National Security Leaders website under Member Highlights:
About
the author of this article: Dr. Sanders FEEEDS® Advocacy Initiative holds an annual
Africa-focused program with Gallup. However, this article was not solicited by
Gallup or the Lloyd’s Register Foundation, and represents the analysis done by
FEEEDS®. Sanders, who holds a doctorate degree in information systems &
communications, served as a senior career U.S. diplomat in such countries as
Sudan, Namibia, Republic of Congo (where she was U.S. Ambassador), and as U.S.
Ambassador in Nigeria and U.S. representative to ECOWAS during the onset and further growth of Nigeria’s Boko
Haram. NB: Key countries such as Democratic Republic of Congo, Angola, and
Sudan are not mentioned in the analysis above because those countries were not
part of this edition of the World Risk Poll or its indices.
A FEEEDS Series Blogspot
